Fetal monitoring for high-risk pregnancies using a wearable ultrasound patch – Nature Biotechnology

Fetal monitoring for high-risk pregnancies using a wearable ultrasound patch – Nature Biotechnology


  • Woodward, P. J., Kennedy, A. & Sohaey, R. Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics 4th edn (Elsevier, 2021).

  • Hutter, D., Kingdom, J. & Jaeggi, E. Causes and mechanisms of intrauterine hypoxia and its impact on the fetal cardiovascular system: a review. Int. J. Pediatr. 2010, 401323 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkley, E., Chauhan, S. P. & Abuhamad, A. Doppler assessment of the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206, 300–308 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. B. & Grether, J. K. Causes of cerebral palsy. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 11, 487–491 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, E. et al. Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research: probable causes of stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries using a prospectively defined classification system. BJOG 125, 131–138 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. C. S. & Fretts, R. C. Stillbirth. Lancet 370, 1715–1725 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawn, J. E. et al. Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet 387, 587–603 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, D. J. Antepartum fetal surveillance ACOG practice bulletin, number 229. Obstet. Gynecol. 137, E116–E127 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, D. J., Owen, J., Goldenberg, R. L. & Cliver, S. P. Determinants of the optimal time in gestation to initiate antenatal fetal testing: a decision-analytic approach. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 1357–1363 (1995).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkey, K. T., Casale, M. B., Pantelopoulos, A. A. & Zurcher, M. A. Assessing the clinical use of a novel, mobile fetal monitoring device. Obstet. Gynecol. 123, 55S (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryu, D. et al. Comprehensive pregnancy monitoring with a network of wireless, soft, and flexible sensors in high- and low-resource health settings. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2100466118 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. K. Problems with intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring interpretation and patient management. Obstet. Gynecol. 100, 813–826 (2002).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grivell, R. M., Alfirevic, Z., Gyte, G. M. & Devane, D. Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, CD007863 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfirevic, Z., Devane, D., Gyte, G. M. & Cuthbert, A. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD006066 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzbanrad, F., Stroux, L. & Clifford, G. D. Cardiotocography and beyond: a review of one-dimensional Doppler ultrasound application in fetal monitoring. Physiol. Meas. 39, 08TR01 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes-Gill, B. R. Monica Healthcare: from the research laboratory to commercial reality—a real-life case study. Healthc. Technol. Lett. 8, 1–10 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, J. E., Jayet, B., Sekar, S. K. V., Kainerstorfer, J. M. & Andersson-Engels, S. Review of optical methods for fetal monitoring in utero. J. Biophotonics 15, e202100343 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, Y.-C., Yen, L. B., Kuo, P.-L. & Tsai, P.-Y. A wearable device for evaluation of relative position, force, and duration of fetal movement for pregnant woman care. IEEE Sens. J. 21, 19341–19350 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaides, K., Rizzo, G., Hecher, K. & Ximenes, R. Doppler in Obstetrics (The Fetal Medicine Foundation, 2002).

  • Salomon, L. J. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 53, 715–723 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhide, A. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): use of Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 58, 331–339 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oros, D. et al. Reference ranges for Doppler indices of umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries and cerebroplacental ratio: systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 53, 454–464 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Drukker, L. et al. International gestational age-specific centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal prospective cohort study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 222, 602.e1–602.e15 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiserud, T. et al. The World Health Organization fetal growth charts: a multinational longitudinal study of ultrasound biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight. PLOS Med. 14, e1002220 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Papageorghiou, A. T. et al. International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the fetal growth longitudinal study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 384, 869–879 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, R. L., Harrison, M. S. & McClure, E. M. Stillbirths: the hidden birth asphyxia—US and global perspectives. Clin. Perinatol. 43, 439–453 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • AIUM practice parameter for the performance of standard diagnostic obstetric ultrasound. J. Ultrasound Med. 43, E20–E32 (2024).

  • Wang, C. et al. Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs. Science 377, 517–523 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, H. et al. A wearable cardiac ultrasound imager. Nature 613, 667–675 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, W. et al. Conformable ultrasound breast patch for deep tissue scanning and imaging. Sci. Adv. 9, eadh5325 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L. et al. A conformable phased-array ultrasound patch for bladder volume monitoring. Nat. Electron. 7, 77–90 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, A. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of third-trimester obstetric ultrasound scan. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 63, 131–147 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, P. R., Martin, K. & Thrush, A. (eds) Diagnostic Ultrasound Physics and Equipment (CRC Press, 2019).

  • Evans, D. H., Jensen, J. A. & Nielsen, M. B. Ultrasonic colour Doppler imaging. Interface Focus 1, 490–502 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Du, W., Kim, J.-H., Yu, C.-C. & Dagdeviren, C. An emerging era: conformable ultrasound electronics. Adv. Mater. 36, e2307664 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksoy, B. et al. Shielded soft force sensors. Nat. Commun. 13, 4649 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. IPEM Report 102—Quality Assurance of Ultrasound Imaging Systems. (IPEM, 2010).

  • Thijssen, J. M., van Wijk, M. C. & Cuypers, M. H. M. Performance testing of medical echo/Doppler equipment. Eur. J. Ultrasound 15, 151–164 (2002).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, J. E. A review of Doppler ultrasound quality assurance protocols and test devices. Physica Medica 30, 742–751 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Haar, G. (ed.) The Safe Use of Ultrasound in Medical Diagnosis (The British Institute of Radiology, 2012).

  • AIUM official statement for recommended maximum scanning times for displayed thermal index values. J. Ultrasound Med. 42, E74–E75 (2023).

  • Safety Group of the British Medical Ultrasound Society. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment. (BMUS, 2010).

  • Food and Drug Administration. Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers: Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. Report No. FDA-2017-D-5372 (FDA, 2023).

  • Hekkenberg, R. T. & Bezemer, R. A. Aspects Concerning the Measurement of Surface Temperature of Ultrasonic Diagnostic Transducers, Part 2: On a Human and Artificial Tissue. (TNO Preventie en Gezondheid, 2003).

  • International Electrotechnical Commission. Ultrasonics: Field Characterization—Test Methods for the Determination of Thermal and Mechanical Indices Related to Medical Diagnostic Ultrasonic Fields. Report No. IEC 62359:2010/AMD1:2017 (IEC, 2017).

  • Maulik, D. & Lees, C. C. (eds) Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (Springer, 2023).

  • Conde-Agudelo, A., Villar, J., Kennedy, S. H. & Papageorghiou, A. T. Predictive accuracy of cerebroplacental ratio for adverse perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes in suspected fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 52, 430–441 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadlock, F. P., Harrist, R. B., Sharman, R. S., Deter, R. L. & Park, S. K. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements—a prospective study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151, 333–337 (1985).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, S. et al. Transcranial volumetric imaging using a conformal ultrasound patch. Nature 629, 810–818 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, C. Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners (Wiley, 2023).

  • Ali, S. et al. Prognostic accuracy of antenatal Doppler ultrasound for adverse perinatal outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open 11, e049799 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, S. et al. Standardization and quality control of Doppler and fetal biometric ultrasound measurements in low-income setting. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 61, 481–487 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Demi, L. Practical guide to ultrasound beam forming: beam pattern and image reconstruction analysis. Appl. Sci. 8, 1544 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. & Brox, T. U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (eds Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W. M. & Frangi, A. F.) (Springer, 2015).

  • Shi, X. et al. Convolutional LSTM network: a machine learning approach for precipitation nowcasting. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Cortes, C., Lee, D. D., Sugiyama, M. & Garnett, R.) (ACM, 2015).

  • Alfirevic, Z., Stampalija, T. & Dowswell, T. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6, CD007529 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees, C. C. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 56, 298–312 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotiriadis, A. et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: role of ultrasound in screening for and follow-up of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 53, 7–22 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. P. et al. The global epidemiology of preterm birth. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 52, 3–12 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardosi, J., Madurasinghe, V., Williams, M., Malik, A. & Francis, A. Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study. BMJ 346, f108 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. K., Garite, T. J., Nageotte, M. P. & Miller, L. A. Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring 4th edn (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012).

  • Pildner Von Steinburg, S. et al. What is the ‘normal’ fetal heart rate? PeerJ 1, e82 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, L. W., Hsu, K. H. & Li, P. C. Graphics processing unit-based high-frame-rate color doppler ultrasound processing. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 56, 1856–1860 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • So, H., Chen, J., Yiu, B. & Yu, A. Medical ultrasound imaging: to GPU or not to GPU? IEEE Micro 31, 54–65 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. et al. Universal assembly of liquid metal particles in polymers enables elastic printed circuit board. Science 378, 637–641 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • You, I. et al. Artificial multimodal receptors based on ion relaxation dynamics. Science 370, 961–965 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. et al. Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array. Nature 555, 83–88 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Son, D. et al. Multifunctional wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 397–404 (2014).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z. et al. A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation. Science 384, 987–994 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M. et al. A fully integrated wearable ultrasound system to monitor deep tissues in moving subjects. Nat. Biotechnol. 42, 448–457 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Skow, R. J. et al. Effects of prenatal exercise on fetal heart rate, umbilical and uterine blood flow: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 53, 124–133 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgieva, A., Abry, P., Nunes, I. & Frasch, M. G. Editorial: Fetal–maternal monitoring in the age of artificial intelligence and computer-aided decision support: a multidisciplinary perspective. Front. Pediatr. 10, 2296–2360 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Z. et al. Three-dimensional integrated stretchable electronics. Nat. Electron. 1, 473–480 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempski, K. M., Graham, M. T., Gubbi, M. R., Palmer, T. & Lediju Bell, M. A. Application of the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio to assess photoacoustic image quality. Biomed. Opt. Express 11, 3684–3698 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wear, K. A. & Shah, A. Nominal versus actual spatial resolution: comparison of directivity and frequency-dependent effective sensitive element size for membrane, needle, capsule, and fiber-optic hydrophones. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 70, 112–119 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. R. et al. Hydrophone measurements for biomedical ultrasound applications: a review. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 70, 85–100 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wear, K. A., Gammell, P. M., Maruvada, S., Liu, Y. & Harris, G. R. Improved measurement of acoustic output using complex deconvolution of hydrophone sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 61, 62–75 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wear, K. A. Hydrophone spatial averaging correction for acoustic exposure measurements from arrays—part I: theory and impact on diagnostic safety indexes. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 68, 358–375 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, T. L. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out 2nd edn (Academic Press, 2014).

  • International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical Electrical Equipment—Part 2–37: Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Ultrasonic Medical Diagnostic and Monitoring Equipment. Report No. IEC 60601-2-37:2024 (IEC, 2024).

  • Kennedy, A. M. & Woodward, P. J. A radiologist’s guide to the performance and interpretation of obstetric Doppler US. Radiographics 39, 893–910 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 試合スコアカード ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 対 グジャラート・タイタンズ IPL グジャラート・タイタンズ ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ グジャラート・タイタンズ対ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 試合スコアカード シュブマン・ギル IPL RR 対 GT IPL 2026 ドノヴァン・フェレイラ ワシントン・スンダル RR 対 GT クオリファイア2 IPL ライブスコア GT 対 RR クオリファイア2 GT 対 RR 今日の試合 今日のIPL試合 IPLスコア RR 対 GT 今日のIPL試合 ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 試合スコアカード RR 対 GT グジャラート・タイタンズ対ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 試合経過 RR 対 GT クリケット ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 試合経過 GT 対 RR ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 順位表 RR 対 GT GT 対 RR GT 対 RR モハメド・シラージ クリケット・ライブ中継 今日のIPL試合 RR 対 GT 試合 クリケット・スコア GT 対 RR 2026 ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ ラシード・カーン GT 対 RR ジョス・バトラー クリケット・ライブスコア グジャラート・タイタンズ対ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 順位表 IPL ライブスコア IPL RR 対 GT IPL 2026 RR 対 GT RR IPL ライブスコア ラフル・テワティア 今日のIPL Cricinfo スコア IPL決勝戦 GT 対 RR 試合 IPL 2022 ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 統計データ IPL ライブ試合 グジャラート・タイタンズ クリケット・ライブスコア グジャラート・タイタンズ対ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 統計データ 決勝戦 RR 対 GT 2026 今日のIPL試合スコア 試合スコア 昨日の試合結果 GT IPL GT 対 RR グジャラート・タイタンズ対ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ 視聴方法 ライブ試合 RR 対 GT Cricbuzz IPL 今日の試合スコア(ライブ) ラージャスターン・ロイヤルズ対グジャラート・タイタンズ 試合一覧 GT 対 RR スコア GT 対 RR RR 対 GT スコアカード ラージャスターン 対 グジャラート RR 対 GT スコア IPL統計 昨日のIPL試合の勝者 IPL ライブ中継 RR 対 GT ライブスコア RR 対 GT ライブ 今日の試合スコア IPLスコア GT対RR スコアカード